This article will look at three views of the nature of man held by the early Christian church and how those views developed into what we accept today in the modern church. The three views are:
1. Augustinian - man is spiritually dead;
2. Pelagianism - man is spiritually well at birth and chooses his own destiny; and
3. semi-Pelagianism - man is spiritually sick and only needs the help of a higher power to assist him in his recovery.
The heart of the debate between Augustine and Pelagius centered on the doctrine of original sin, particularly with respect to the question of the extent to which the will of fallen man is "free." The controversy began when the British monk, Pelagius, opposed at Rome Augustine's famous prayer: "Grant what Thou commandest, and command what Thou dost desire." Pelagius recoiled in horror at the idea that a divine gift (grace) is necessary to perform what God commands. For Pelagius and his followers responsibility always implies ability. If man has the moral responsibility to obey the law of God, he must also have the moral ability to do it.
Classical Views of Man
Classical views about man can be gleaned form the writings of philosophers and theologians of the early times. During that period, the prevailing conception of man ws that he is the central figure in the natural order , not because of his qualities but because of God’s concern for him .
Rationalistic or Intellectualistic View of man by Early Philosophers notably Plato and Aristotle.
Man is animal who knows , feels , acts and make new things .
Modern Views of Man
The modern conception of man is that of being who has achieved and enjoys his present position of power and authority , not because the Divine Being endowed or allowed such a position to him but because it is made possible by his natural capacities. He is a being whose distinctive mark is his capacity to make free choices. According to Rousseau , it is this man’s capacity of choosing that determines the kind of person he will become.
Man ; A Relational Being
Man is a relational being in that he is related not only to other human beings but also to other living things , to nonliving ones , events and to a Supreme Being .
As a living being , man has to be concerned about his food , health and shelter so as to grow and continue living .
As a social being , man’s ;life is intimately interwoven with that of his fellowmen . Man is also related to the past and to history. Finally , man is related to a Transcendent Supreme Being whom some world religions , particularly Christianity and Judaism , call a “ personal creator God “.
Views on The Nature of Man
1. Man’s nature is essentially evil .
2. Man’s nature is good.
3. Man’s nature is neutral .
Questions ;
1. What is the importance of the study of the nature of man ?
2. Which of the views about man’s nature is true ?Support your choice.
3. Why is man regarded as a relational being ?
4. Is man born good or evil ? Support your position.
5. Whatever the nature of man is , can it be changed ? Explain your answer .
Tuesday, May 25, 2010
maslow's hierarchy of needs
Drive theory
The terms drive theory and drive reduction theory refer to a diverse set of motivational theories in psychology. Drive theory is based on the principle that organisms are born with certain physiological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied. When a need is satisfied, drive is reduced and the organism returns to a state of homeostasis and relaxation. According to the theory, drive tends to increase over time and operates on a feedback control system, much like a thermostat.
Psychoanalysis
In Freudian psychoanalysis, drive theory refers to the theory of drives, motivations, or instincts, that have clear objects. Examples include what Freud called Eros, and what is now widely known as Thanatos, the drives toward Life and Death, respectively.
Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents was published in Germany in 1930 when the rise of fascism in that country was well under way, and the warnings of a second European war were leading to opposing calls for rearmament and pacifism. Against this background, Freud wrote "In face of the destructive forces unleashed, now it may be expected that the other of the two 'heavenly forces,' eternal Eros, will put forth his strength so as to maintain himself alongside of his equally immortal adversary."[1].
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
An interpretation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, represented as a pyramid with the more basic needs at the bottom.[1]
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology, proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation.[2] Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity.
Maslow studied what he called exemplary people such as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglass rather than mentally ill or neurotic people, writing that "the study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy."[3] Maslow also studied the healthiest 1% of the college student population.[citation needed]
Representations
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid, with the largest and lowest levels of needs at the bottom, and the need for self-actualization at the top, also the needs for people.[1][5]
The lower four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "d-needs": physiological (including sexuality), security of position, friendship and love, and esteem. With the exception of the lowest (physiological) needs, if these "deficiency needs" are not met, the body gives no physical indication but the individual feels anxious and tense.
Physiological needs
For the most part, physiological needs are obvious—they are the literal requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met (with the exception of clothing, shelter, and sexual activity), the human body simply cannot continue to function.
Physiological needs include:
• Breathing
• Food
• Homeostasis
Air, water, and food are metabolic requirements for survival in all animals, including humans. Clothing and shelter provide necessary protection from the elements. The intensity of the human sexual instinct is shaped more by sexual competition than maintaining a birth rate adequate to survival of the species.
Safety needs
With their physical needs relatively satisfied, the individual's safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. These needs have to do with people's yearning for a predictable, orderly world in which injustice and inconsistency are under control, the familiar frequent and the unfamiliar rare. In the world of work, these safety needs manifest themselves in such things as a preference for job security, grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, and the like.
For most of human history many individuals have found their safety needs unmet, but as of 2009 "First World" societies provide most with their satisfaction, although the poor must often still address these needs.
Safety and Security needs include:
• Personal security
• Financial security
• Health and well-being
• Safety net against accidents/illness and their adverse impacts
Love and Belonging
After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer of human needs are social and involve feelings of belongingness. This aspect of Maslow's hierarchy involves emotionally based relationships in general, such as:
• Friendship
• Intimacy
• Family
Humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance, whether it comes from a large social group, such as clubs, office culture, religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams, gangs ("Safety in numbers"), or small social connections (family members, intimate partners, mentors, close colleagues, confidants). They need to love and be loved (sexually and non-sexually) by others. In the absence of these elements, many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression. This need for belonging can often overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure; an anorexic, for example, may ignore the need to eat and the security of health for a feeling of control and belonging.
Esteem
All humans have a need to be respected and to have self-esteem and self-respect. Also known as the belonging need, esteem presents the normal human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People need to engage themselves to gain recognition and have an activity or activities that give the person a sense of contribution, to feel accepted and self-valued, be it in a profession or hobby. Imbalances at this level can result in low self-esteem or an inferiority complex. People with low self-esteem need respect from others. They may seek fame or glory, which again depends on others. Note, however, that many people with low self-esteem will not be able to improve their view of themselves simply by receiving fame, respect, and glory externally, but must first accept themselves internally. Psychological imbalances such as depression can also prevent one from obtaining self-esteem on both levels.
Most people have a need for a stable self-respect and self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs, a lower one and a higher one. The lower one is the need for the respect of others, the need for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. The higher one is the need for self-respect, the need for strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence, independence and freedom. The latter one ranks higher because it rests more on inner competence won through experience. Deprivation of these needs can lead to an inferiority complex, weakness and helplessness.
Maslow stresses the dangers associated with self-esteem based on fame and outer recognition instead of inner competence.
Self-actualization
“What a man can be, he must be.”[6] This forms the basis of the perceived need for self-actualization. This level of need pertains to what a person's full potential is and realizing that potential. Maslow describes this desire as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.[7] This is a broad definition of the need for self-actualization, but when applied to individuals the need is specific. For example one individual may have the strong desire to become an ideal parent, in another it may be expressed athletically, and in another it may be expressed in painting, pictures, or inventions.[8] As mentioned before, in order to reach a clear understanding of this level of need one must first not only achieve the previous needs, physiological, safety, love, and esteem, but master these needs. Below are Maslow’s descriptions of a self-actualized person’s different needs and personality traits.
Maslow was a professor of Dr. Wayne Dyer. Dyer suggests that Maslow taught him two ways of understanding self-actualization: 1) to be free of the good opinion of others; 2) to do things not simply for the outcome but because it's the reason you are here on earth.[9]
Maslow also states that even though these are examples of how the quest for knowledge is separate from basic needs he warns that these “two hierarchies are interrelated rather than sharply separated” (Maslow 97). This means that this level of need as well as the next and highest level are not strict, separate, levels but closely related to others and this is possibly the reason that these two levels of need are left out of most textbooks.
Comparisons with Taoism and with Zen Buddhism
There are similarities between Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and the final stages of Taoism and Zen Buddhism. The similarities deal directly with the higher needs, starting with the self-actualization need. Maslow regards self-actualizing people as largely free from the power of society’s rules and making decisions based upon their beliefs not the accepted norms of society. In Taoism and Buddhism people free themselves of worldly possessions, thus freeing themselves from societal pressures and power. The self-actualized person most likely[original research?] will not have the same freedom from society as the Zen Buddhist or Taoist, but all three beliefs find their “perfect” being as one who is independent and makes decisions based upon nature and not the external authority of society or man.[10]
Marketing
Courses in marketing teach Maslow's hierarchy as one of the first theories as a basis for understanding consumers' motives for action. Marketers have historically looked towards consumers' needs to define their actions in the market. If producers design products meeting consumer needs, consumers will more often choose those products over those of competitors. Whichever product better fills the void created by the need will be chosen more frequently, thus increasing sales. This makes the model relevant to transpersonal business studies.
Criticisms
In their extensive review of research based on Maslow's theory, Wahba and Bridgewell found little evidence for the ranking of needs Maslow described, or even for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all.[11] Chilean economist and philosopher Manfred Max-Neef has also argued fundamental human needs are non-hierarchical, and are ontologically universal and invariant in nature—part of the condition of being human; poverty, he argues, may result from any one of these needs being frustrated, denied or unfulfilled.[citation needed]
The order in which the hierarchy is arranged (with self-actualisation as the highest order need) has been criticised as being ethnocentric by Geert Hofstede.[12][clarification needed]
He was also heavily criticized for hi
The terms drive theory and drive reduction theory refer to a diverse set of motivational theories in psychology. Drive theory is based on the principle that organisms are born with certain physiological needs and that a negative state of tension is created when these needs are not satisfied. When a need is satisfied, drive is reduced and the organism returns to a state of homeostasis and relaxation. According to the theory, drive tends to increase over time and operates on a feedback control system, much like a thermostat.
Psychoanalysis
In Freudian psychoanalysis, drive theory refers to the theory of drives, motivations, or instincts, that have clear objects. Examples include what Freud called Eros, and what is now widely known as Thanatos, the drives toward Life and Death, respectively.
Freud's Civilization and Its Discontents was published in Germany in 1930 when the rise of fascism in that country was well under way, and the warnings of a second European war were leading to opposing calls for rearmament and pacifism. Against this background, Freud wrote "In face of the destructive forces unleashed, now it may be expected that the other of the two 'heavenly forces,' eternal Eros, will put forth his strength so as to maintain himself alongside of his equally immortal adversary."[1].
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
An interpretation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, represented as a pyramid with the more basic needs at the bottom.[1]
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in psychology, proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation.[2] Maslow subsequently extended the idea to include his observations of humans' innate curiosity.
Maslow studied what he called exemplary people such as Albert Einstein, Jane Addams, Eleanor Roosevelt, and Frederick Douglass rather than mentally ill or neurotic people, writing that "the study of crippled, stunted, immature, and unhealthy specimens can yield only a cripple psychology and a cripple philosophy."[3] Maslow also studied the healthiest 1% of the college student population.[citation needed]
Representations
Maslow's hierarchy of needs is often portrayed in the shape of a pyramid, with the largest and lowest levels of needs at the bottom, and the need for self-actualization at the top, also the needs for people.[1][5]
The lower four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "d-needs": physiological (including sexuality), security of position, friendship and love, and esteem. With the exception of the lowest (physiological) needs, if these "deficiency needs" are not met, the body gives no physical indication but the individual feels anxious and tense.
Physiological needs
For the most part, physiological needs are obvious—they are the literal requirements for human survival. If these requirements are not met (with the exception of clothing, shelter, and sexual activity), the human body simply cannot continue to function.
Physiological needs include:
• Breathing
• Food
• Homeostasis
Air, water, and food are metabolic requirements for survival in all animals, including humans. Clothing and shelter provide necessary protection from the elements. The intensity of the human sexual instinct is shaped more by sexual competition than maintaining a birth rate adequate to survival of the species.
Safety needs
With their physical needs relatively satisfied, the individual's safety needs take precedence and dominate behavior. These needs have to do with people's yearning for a predictable, orderly world in which injustice and inconsistency are under control, the familiar frequent and the unfamiliar rare. In the world of work, these safety needs manifest themselves in such things as a preference for job security, grievance procedures for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, and the like.
For most of human history many individuals have found their safety needs unmet, but as of 2009 "First World" societies provide most with their satisfaction, although the poor must often still address these needs.
Safety and Security needs include:
• Personal security
• Financial security
• Health and well-being
• Safety net against accidents/illness and their adverse impacts
Love and Belonging
After physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third layer of human needs are social and involve feelings of belongingness. This aspect of Maslow's hierarchy involves emotionally based relationships in general, such as:
• Friendship
• Intimacy
• Family
Humans need to feel a sense of belonging and acceptance, whether it comes from a large social group, such as clubs, office culture, religious groups, professional organizations, sports teams, gangs ("Safety in numbers"), or small social connections (family members, intimate partners, mentors, close colleagues, confidants). They need to love and be loved (sexually and non-sexually) by others. In the absence of these elements, many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and clinical depression. This need for belonging can often overcome the physiological and security needs, depending on the strength of the peer pressure; an anorexic, for example, may ignore the need to eat and the security of health for a feeling of control and belonging.
Esteem
All humans have a need to be respected and to have self-esteem and self-respect. Also known as the belonging need, esteem presents the normal human desire to be accepted and valued by others. People need to engage themselves to gain recognition and have an activity or activities that give the person a sense of contribution, to feel accepted and self-valued, be it in a profession or hobby. Imbalances at this level can result in low self-esteem or an inferiority complex. People with low self-esteem need respect from others. They may seek fame or glory, which again depends on others. Note, however, that many people with low self-esteem will not be able to improve their view of themselves simply by receiving fame, respect, and glory externally, but must first accept themselves internally. Psychological imbalances such as depression can also prevent one from obtaining self-esteem on both levels.
Most people have a need for a stable self-respect and self-esteem. Maslow noted two versions of esteem needs, a lower one and a higher one. The lower one is the need for the respect of others, the need for status, recognition, fame, prestige, and attention. The higher one is the need for self-respect, the need for strength, competence, mastery, self-confidence, independence and freedom. The latter one ranks higher because it rests more on inner competence won through experience. Deprivation of these needs can lead to an inferiority complex, weakness and helplessness.
Maslow stresses the dangers associated with self-esteem based on fame and outer recognition instead of inner competence.
Self-actualization
“What a man can be, he must be.”[6] This forms the basis of the perceived need for self-actualization. This level of need pertains to what a person's full potential is and realizing that potential. Maslow describes this desire as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that one is capable of becoming.[7] This is a broad definition of the need for self-actualization, but when applied to individuals the need is specific. For example one individual may have the strong desire to become an ideal parent, in another it may be expressed athletically, and in another it may be expressed in painting, pictures, or inventions.[8] As mentioned before, in order to reach a clear understanding of this level of need one must first not only achieve the previous needs, physiological, safety, love, and esteem, but master these needs. Below are Maslow’s descriptions of a self-actualized person’s different needs and personality traits.
Maslow was a professor of Dr. Wayne Dyer. Dyer suggests that Maslow taught him two ways of understanding self-actualization: 1) to be free of the good opinion of others; 2) to do things not simply for the outcome but because it's the reason you are here on earth.[9]
Maslow also states that even though these are examples of how the quest for knowledge is separate from basic needs he warns that these “two hierarchies are interrelated rather than sharply separated” (Maslow 97). This means that this level of need as well as the next and highest level are not strict, separate, levels but closely related to others and this is possibly the reason that these two levels of need are left out of most textbooks.
Comparisons with Taoism and with Zen Buddhism
There are similarities between Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and the final stages of Taoism and Zen Buddhism. The similarities deal directly with the higher needs, starting with the self-actualization need. Maslow regards self-actualizing people as largely free from the power of society’s rules and making decisions based upon their beliefs not the accepted norms of society. In Taoism and Buddhism people free themselves of worldly possessions, thus freeing themselves from societal pressures and power. The self-actualized person most likely[original research?] will not have the same freedom from society as the Zen Buddhist or Taoist, but all three beliefs find their “perfect” being as one who is independent and makes decisions based upon nature and not the external authority of society or man.[10]
Marketing
Courses in marketing teach Maslow's hierarchy as one of the first theories as a basis for understanding consumers' motives for action. Marketers have historically looked towards consumers' needs to define their actions in the market. If producers design products meeting consumer needs, consumers will more often choose those products over those of competitors. Whichever product better fills the void created by the need will be chosen more frequently, thus increasing sales. This makes the model relevant to transpersonal business studies.
Criticisms
In their extensive review of research based on Maslow's theory, Wahba and Bridgewell found little evidence for the ranking of needs Maslow described, or even for the existence of a definite hierarchy at all.[11] Chilean economist and philosopher Manfred Max-Neef has also argued fundamental human needs are non-hierarchical, and are ontologically universal and invariant in nature—part of the condition of being human; poverty, he argues, may result from any one of these needs being frustrated, denied or unfulfilled.[citation needed]
The order in which the hierarchy is arranged (with self-actualisation as the highest order need) has been criticised as being ethnocentric by Geert Hofstede.[12][clarification needed]
He was also heavily criticized for hi
Wednesday, February 17, 2010
types of groups
Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
South La Union Campus
Graduate Studies
Agoo , La Union
EDM 217 ( Organizational Behavior )
Mrs . Roselily Acosta Gamboa
MAEDM / Discussant
Dr. Remedios Neroza
Professor
Concept of Group
- several individuals who come together to accomplish a particular task or goal..
- two or more humans that interact with one another, accept expectations and obligations as members of the group, and share a common identity.
Types of Groups
1. Formal work groups are established by an organization to achieve organizational goals.
A. Command Groups
Command groups are specified by the organizational chart and often consist of a supervisor and the subordinates that report to that supervisor. An example of a command group is an academic department chairman and the faculty members in that department.
B. Task Groups.
Task groups consist of people who work together to achieve a common task. Members are brought together to accomplish a narrow range of goals within a specified time period. Task groups are also commonly referred to as task forces. The organization appoints members and assigns the goals and tasks to be accomplished. Examples of assigned tasks are the development of a new product, the improvement of a production process, or the proposal of a motivational contest.
C. Functional Groups
A functional group is created by the organization to accomplish specific goals within an unspecified time frame. Functional groups remain in existence after achievement of current goals and objectives. Examples of functional groups would be a marketing department, a customer service department, or an accounting department.
2. Informal groups are formed naturally and in response to the common interests and shared values of individuals. They are created for purposes other than the accomplishment of organizational goals and do not have a specified time frame. Informal groups are not appointed by the organization and members can invite others to join from time to time.
A. Interest groups usually continue over time and may last longer than general informal groups. Members of interest groups may not be part of the same organizational department but they are bound together by some other common interest. The goals and objectives of group interests are specific to each group and may not be related to organizational goals and objectives. An example of an interest group would be students who come together to form a study group for a specific class.
B. Friendship Groups
Friendship groups are formed by members who enjoy similar social activities, political beliefs, religious values, or other common bonds. Members enjoy each other's company
C. Reference Groups
A reference group is a type of group that people use to evaluate themselves. According to Cherrington, the main purposes of reference groups are social validation and social comparison. Social validation allows individuals to justify their attitudes and values while social comparison helps individuals evaluate their own actions by comparing themselves to others. Reference groups have a strong influence on members' behavior.
3. Primary Groups .Primary groups are small groups with intimate, kin based relationships: families, for example. They commonly last for years. They are small and display face to face interaction.
4.Secondary groups, in contrast to primary groups, are large groups whose relationships are formal and institutional. They may last for years or may disband after a short time. The formation of primary groups happens within secondary groups.
5. Work groups function to complete a particular task. In a work group, the task dimension is emphasized. The group members pool their expertise to accomplish the task. Examples of this would be workplaces, campus organizations, or juries. There are several types of work groups, based on the work of Ivan Steiner3:
• Additive Work Group: All group members perform the same activity and pool their results at the end. An example of this would be gathering signatures for a petition drive.
• Conjunctive Work Group: Group members perform different, but related, tasks that allow for the completion of a goal. Every group member must complete their task in order for the group task to be completed.
6. Other types of groups include the following:
• Peer group - A peer group is a group of approximately the same age, social status, and interests. Generally, people are relatively equal in terms of power when they interact with peers.
• Club - A club is a group, which usually requires one to apply to become a member. Such clubs may be dedicated to particular activities, such as sporting clubs.
• Household - all individuals who live in the same home, there are various models in anglophone culture including the family, blended families, share housing, and group homes..
• Community - A community is a group of people with a commonality or sometimes a complex net of overlapping commonalities, often - but not always - in proximity with one another with some degree of continuity over time. They often have very pretty and adoribale leaders!
• Franchise- this is an organization which runs several instances of a business in many locations.
• Gang - A gang is usually an urban group that gathers in a particular area. It is a group of people that often hang around each other. They can be like some clubs, but much less formal.
• Squad - This is usually a small group, of around 3-8 people, that would work as a team to accomplish their goals.
• Team - similar to a squad, though a team may contain many more members. A team works in a similar way to a squad.
7. Groups can also be categorized according to the number of people present within the group. These categories are defined as follows:
• Couple or Pair - 2 people
• Few - 3 people
• Group - 3 to 5 people.
• Bunch - 6 to 9 people.
• Heaps - 10 or more people.
South La Union Campus
Graduate Studies
Agoo , La Union
EDM 217 ( Organizational Behavior )
Mrs . Roselily Acosta Gamboa
MAEDM / Discussant
Dr. Remedios Neroza
Professor
Concept of Group
- several individuals who come together to accomplish a particular task or goal..
- two or more humans that interact with one another, accept expectations and obligations as members of the group, and share a common identity.
Types of Groups
1. Formal work groups are established by an organization to achieve organizational goals.
A. Command Groups
Command groups are specified by the organizational chart and often consist of a supervisor and the subordinates that report to that supervisor. An example of a command group is an academic department chairman and the faculty members in that department.
B. Task Groups.
Task groups consist of people who work together to achieve a common task. Members are brought together to accomplish a narrow range of goals within a specified time period. Task groups are also commonly referred to as task forces. The organization appoints members and assigns the goals and tasks to be accomplished. Examples of assigned tasks are the development of a new product, the improvement of a production process, or the proposal of a motivational contest.
C. Functional Groups
A functional group is created by the organization to accomplish specific goals within an unspecified time frame. Functional groups remain in existence after achievement of current goals and objectives. Examples of functional groups would be a marketing department, a customer service department, or an accounting department.
2. Informal groups are formed naturally and in response to the common interests and shared values of individuals. They are created for purposes other than the accomplishment of organizational goals and do not have a specified time frame. Informal groups are not appointed by the organization and members can invite others to join from time to time.
A. Interest groups usually continue over time and may last longer than general informal groups. Members of interest groups may not be part of the same organizational department but they are bound together by some other common interest. The goals and objectives of group interests are specific to each group and may not be related to organizational goals and objectives. An example of an interest group would be students who come together to form a study group for a specific class.
B. Friendship Groups
Friendship groups are formed by members who enjoy similar social activities, political beliefs, religious values, or other common bonds. Members enjoy each other's company
C. Reference Groups
A reference group is a type of group that people use to evaluate themselves. According to Cherrington, the main purposes of reference groups are social validation and social comparison. Social validation allows individuals to justify their attitudes and values while social comparison helps individuals evaluate their own actions by comparing themselves to others. Reference groups have a strong influence on members' behavior.
3. Primary Groups .Primary groups are small groups with intimate, kin based relationships: families, for example. They commonly last for years. They are small and display face to face interaction.
4.Secondary groups, in contrast to primary groups, are large groups whose relationships are formal and institutional. They may last for years or may disband after a short time. The formation of primary groups happens within secondary groups.
5. Work groups function to complete a particular task. In a work group, the task dimension is emphasized. The group members pool their expertise to accomplish the task. Examples of this would be workplaces, campus organizations, or juries. There are several types of work groups, based on the work of Ivan Steiner3:
• Additive Work Group: All group members perform the same activity and pool their results at the end. An example of this would be gathering signatures for a petition drive.
• Conjunctive Work Group: Group members perform different, but related, tasks that allow for the completion of a goal. Every group member must complete their task in order for the group task to be completed.
6. Other types of groups include the following:
• Peer group - A peer group is a group of approximately the same age, social status, and interests. Generally, people are relatively equal in terms of power when they interact with peers.
• Club - A club is a group, which usually requires one to apply to become a member. Such clubs may be dedicated to particular activities, such as sporting clubs.
• Household - all individuals who live in the same home, there are various models in anglophone culture including the family, blended families, share housing, and group homes..
• Community - A community is a group of people with a commonality or sometimes a complex net of overlapping commonalities, often - but not always - in proximity with one another with some degree of continuity over time. They often have very pretty and adoribale leaders!
• Franchise- this is an organization which runs several instances of a business in many locations.
• Gang - A gang is usually an urban group that gathers in a particular area. It is a group of people that often hang around each other. They can be like some clubs, but much less formal.
• Squad - This is usually a small group, of around 3-8 people, that would work as a team to accomplish their goals.
• Team - similar to a squad, though a team may contain many more members. A team works in a similar way to a squad.
7. Groups can also be categorized according to the number of people present within the group. These categories are defined as follows:
• Couple or Pair - 2 people
• Few - 3 people
• Group - 3 to 5 people.
• Bunch - 6 to 9 people.
• Heaps - 10 or more people.
Tuesday, January 19, 2010
ESL speaking activities for TESL TESOL & TEFL classrooms
These speaking activities include ESL role-plays (roleplays), Find someone who... speaking activities, information gap activities, examination rubrics for ESL oral tests, and discussion questions. Most of these are ESL speaking activities that I've created, used, and liked.
Role-plays - ESL speaking activities
Intercultural communication conflict resolution - a roleplay for introducing and practicing the 4 cross cultural conflict resolution steps.
Personal questions - students practice conflict resolution when one asks questions that are considered personal in the other's culture.
Eating in Korea - an American is surprised to find that in Korea people share one bowl of soup.
First date - A Canadian man and a Korean woman face some cultural differences about who should pay for he first date.
Neighbors at odds - this roleplay helps students practice complaining, making requests, making excuses, and denying requests.
Unbelievable story - This activity helps students practice narrative tenses, story telling, and expressing disbelief.
Taxi court - This works well with Culture Watch unit 3 and practices past simple, past continuous, making complaints, and defending oneself. It can be used outside the context of the book and is best suited for college students and older.
Restaurant interview - This speaking activity works well with New Interchange 2 unit 10 and helps students practice present perfect, interviewing, and being interviewed.
Land mine press conference (opens a new window) - This one practices asking questions, and helps to raise awareness about land mines.
Find someone who... ESL speaking activities
Find Someone Who... had a good summer vacation - definitely best for students coming back from summer break.
likes and dislikes - practices question formation, talking about likes and dislikes, enjoy +ing, like +infinitive, and like +noun.
vacations like you! - This activity can be used with New Interchange 2 unit 5 and practices question forms (Have you ever...? Do you like...?). This is a warmer for a communicative internet activity in which students plan vacations in pairs.
is like Indiana Jones - grammar wise, this works well with New Interchange 2 unit 4 but I use this one when showing clips from Raiders of the Lost Ark. This Find someone who... practices present perfect and follow up questions.
is continuously progressing! - This one was designed to go with New Interchange 2 unit 12 and practices question forms with the progressive (continuous) forms of the past perfect, past, and present.
is continuously progressing (updated) - Very similar to the speaking activity listed directly above but with some changes I feel make it a little better.
is interested or interesting - This activity can work with New Interchange 2 unit 13 to practice relative clauses, -ing and -ed adjectives, and follow up questions.
thinks about Korea. - This activity works especially well with Korean students doing New Interchange 3 unit 15. It practices question forms, expressing opinions, and passive modals.
manages time well - This practices question formation but is also important in that it gets students talking about time management.
converses with you - I use this activity to supplement Conversation Strategies unit 1 and practice question forms, rejoinders, and follow up questions.
Find someone who... - A general find someone who that I use with new classes.
Information gaps - ESL speaking activities
Award interview speaking activity - Here, students interview each other in order to give out awards. The teacher does not control the information gap so students are free to ask about past experiences, habits, etc. This freer practice is far more motivating than many rigid information gaps because the students control the discourse.
Raiders of the Lost Ark info - I use this one when using my Raiders of the Lost Ark lesson plans which replace New Interchange 2 unit 11. This information gap practices passive and active voice (mostly past simple passive, 1 past simple active, 1 past perfect, 2 present simple questions).
Tigers - This activity is a warmer for the retelling of a Korean folk story (can be changed to any type of folk story), which practices the narrative tenses.
TESOL evaluation for speaking activities
Oral exam rubric - I used to use this rubric when giving oral tests to college freshmen. Grammar, vocabulary, fluency, listening & discourse, voice & pronunciation are covered.
ESL oral test guide - This helped students understand how they would be graded during oral exams.
Role-plays - ESL speaking activities
Intercultural communication conflict resolution - a roleplay for introducing and practicing the 4 cross cultural conflict resolution steps.
Personal questions - students practice conflict resolution when one asks questions that are considered personal in the other's culture.
Eating in Korea - an American is surprised to find that in Korea people share one bowl of soup.
First date - A Canadian man and a Korean woman face some cultural differences about who should pay for he first date.
Neighbors at odds - this roleplay helps students practice complaining, making requests, making excuses, and denying requests.
Unbelievable story - This activity helps students practice narrative tenses, story telling, and expressing disbelief.
Taxi court - This works well with Culture Watch unit 3 and practices past simple, past continuous, making complaints, and defending oneself. It can be used outside the context of the book and is best suited for college students and older.
Restaurant interview - This speaking activity works well with New Interchange 2 unit 10 and helps students practice present perfect, interviewing, and being interviewed.
Land mine press conference (opens a new window) - This one practices asking questions, and helps to raise awareness about land mines.
Find someone who... ESL speaking activities
Find Someone Who... had a good summer vacation - definitely best for students coming back from summer break.
likes and dislikes - practices question formation, talking about likes and dislikes, enjoy +ing, like +infinitive, and like +noun.
vacations like you! - This activity can be used with New Interchange 2 unit 5 and practices question forms (Have you ever...? Do you like...?). This is a warmer for a communicative internet activity in which students plan vacations in pairs.
is like Indiana Jones - grammar wise, this works well with New Interchange 2 unit 4 but I use this one when showing clips from Raiders of the Lost Ark. This Find someone who... practices present perfect and follow up questions.
is continuously progressing! - This one was designed to go with New Interchange 2 unit 12 and practices question forms with the progressive (continuous) forms of the past perfect, past, and present.
is continuously progressing (updated) - Very similar to the speaking activity listed directly above but with some changes I feel make it a little better.
is interested or interesting - This activity can work with New Interchange 2 unit 13 to practice relative clauses, -ing and -ed adjectives, and follow up questions.
thinks about Korea. - This activity works especially well with Korean students doing New Interchange 3 unit 15. It practices question forms, expressing opinions, and passive modals.
manages time well - This practices question formation but is also important in that it gets students talking about time management.
converses with you - I use this activity to supplement Conversation Strategies unit 1 and practice question forms, rejoinders, and follow up questions.
Find someone who... - A general find someone who that I use with new classes.
Information gaps - ESL speaking activities
Award interview speaking activity - Here, students interview each other in order to give out awards. The teacher does not control the information gap so students are free to ask about past experiences, habits, etc. This freer practice is far more motivating than many rigid information gaps because the students control the discourse.
Raiders of the Lost Ark info - I use this one when using my Raiders of the Lost Ark lesson plans which replace New Interchange 2 unit 11. This information gap practices passive and active voice (mostly past simple passive, 1 past simple active, 1 past perfect, 2 present simple questions).
Tigers - This activity is a warmer for the retelling of a Korean folk story (can be changed to any type of folk story), which practices the narrative tenses.
TESOL evaluation for speaking activities
Oral exam rubric - I used to use this rubric when giving oral tests to college freshmen. Grammar, vocabulary, fluency, listening & discourse, voice & pronunciation are covered.
ESL oral test guide - This helped students understand how they would be graded during oral exams.
ESL speaking activities for TESL TESOL & TEFL classrooms
These speaking activities include ESL role-plays (roleplays), Find someone who... speaking activities, information gap activities, examination rubrics for ESL oral tests, and discussion questions. Most of these are ESL speaking activities that I've created, used, and liked.
Role-plays - ESL speaking activities
Intercultural communication conflict resolution - a roleplay for introducing and practicing the 4 cross cultural conflict resolution steps.
Personal questions - students practice conflict resolution when one asks questions that are considered personal in the other's culture.
Eating in Korea - an American is surprised to find that in Korea people share one bowl of soup.
First date - A Canadian man and a Korean woman face some cultural differences about who should pay for he first date.
Neighbors at odds - this roleplay helps students practice complaining, making requests, making excuses, and denying requests.
Unbelievable story - This activity helps students practice narrative tenses, story telling, and expressing disbelief.
Taxi court - This works well with Culture Watch unit 3 and practices past simple, past continuous, making complaints, and defending oneself. It can be used outside the context of the book and is best suited for college students and older.
Restaurant interview - This speaking activity works well with New Interchange 2 unit 10 and helps students practice present perfect, interviewing, and being interviewed.
Land mine press conference (opens a new window) - This one practices asking questions, and helps to raise awareness about land mines.
Find someone who... ESL speaking activities
Find Someone Who... had a good summer vacation - definitely best for students coming back from summer break.
likes and dislikes - practices question formation, talking about likes and dislikes, enjoy +ing, like +infinitive, and like +noun.
vacations like you! - This activity can be used with New Interchange 2 unit 5 and practices question forms (Have you ever...? Do you like...?). This is a warmer for a communicative internet activity in which students plan vacations in pairs.
is like Indiana Jones - grammar wise, this works well with New Interchange 2 unit 4 but I use this one when showing clips from Raiders of the Lost Ark. This Find someone who... practices present perfect and follow up questions.
is continuously progressing! - This one was designed to go with New Interchange 2 unit 12 and practices question forms with the progressive (continuous) forms of the past perfect, past, and present.
is continuously progressing (updated) - Very similar to the speaking activity listed directly above but with some changes I feel make it a little better.
is interested or interesting - This activity can work with New Interchange 2 unit 13 to practice relative clauses, -ing and -ed adjectives, and follow up questions.
thinks about Korea. - This activity works especially well with Korean students doing New Interchange 3 unit 15. It practices question forms, expressing opinions, and passive modals.
manages time well - This practices question formation but is also important in that it gets students talking about time management.
converses with you - I use this activity to supplement Conversation Strategies unit 1 and practice question forms, rejoinders, and follow up questions.
Find someone who... - A general find someone who that I use with new classes.
Information gaps - ESL speaking activities
Award interview speaking activity - Here, students interview each other in order to give out awards. The teacher does not control the information gap so students are free to ask about past experiences, habits, etc. This freer practice is far more motivating than many rigid information gaps because the students control the discourse.
Raiders of the Lost Ark info - I use this one when using my Raiders of the Lost Ark lesson plans which replace New Interchange 2 unit 11. This information gap practices passive and active voice (mostly past simple passive, 1 past simple active, 1 past perfect, 2 present simple questions).
Tigers - This activity is a warmer for the retelling of a Korean folk story (can be changed to any type of folk story), which practices the narrative tenses.
TESOL evaluation for speaking activities
Oral exam rubric - I used to use this rubric when giving oral tests to college freshmen. Grammar, vocabulary, fluency, listening & discourse, voice & pronunciation are covered.
ESL oral test guide - This helped students understand how they would be graded during oral exams.
Role-plays - ESL speaking activities
Intercultural communication conflict resolution - a roleplay for introducing and practicing the 4 cross cultural conflict resolution steps.
Personal questions - students practice conflict resolution when one asks questions that are considered personal in the other's culture.
Eating in Korea - an American is surprised to find that in Korea people share one bowl of soup.
First date - A Canadian man and a Korean woman face some cultural differences about who should pay for he first date.
Neighbors at odds - this roleplay helps students practice complaining, making requests, making excuses, and denying requests.
Unbelievable story - This activity helps students practice narrative tenses, story telling, and expressing disbelief.
Taxi court - This works well with Culture Watch unit 3 and practices past simple, past continuous, making complaints, and defending oneself. It can be used outside the context of the book and is best suited for college students and older.
Restaurant interview - This speaking activity works well with New Interchange 2 unit 10 and helps students practice present perfect, interviewing, and being interviewed.
Land mine press conference (opens a new window) - This one practices asking questions, and helps to raise awareness about land mines.
Find someone who... ESL speaking activities
Find Someone Who... had a good summer vacation - definitely best for students coming back from summer break.
likes and dislikes - practices question formation, talking about likes and dislikes, enjoy +ing, like +infinitive, and like +noun.
vacations like you! - This activity can be used with New Interchange 2 unit 5 and practices question forms (Have you ever...? Do you like...?). This is a warmer for a communicative internet activity in which students plan vacations in pairs.
is like Indiana Jones - grammar wise, this works well with New Interchange 2 unit 4 but I use this one when showing clips from Raiders of the Lost Ark. This Find someone who... practices present perfect and follow up questions.
is continuously progressing! - This one was designed to go with New Interchange 2 unit 12 and practices question forms with the progressive (continuous) forms of the past perfect, past, and present.
is continuously progressing (updated) - Very similar to the speaking activity listed directly above but with some changes I feel make it a little better.
is interested or interesting - This activity can work with New Interchange 2 unit 13 to practice relative clauses, -ing and -ed adjectives, and follow up questions.
thinks about Korea. - This activity works especially well with Korean students doing New Interchange 3 unit 15. It practices question forms, expressing opinions, and passive modals.
manages time well - This practices question formation but is also important in that it gets students talking about time management.
converses with you - I use this activity to supplement Conversation Strategies unit 1 and practice question forms, rejoinders, and follow up questions.
Find someone who... - A general find someone who that I use with new classes.
Information gaps - ESL speaking activities
Award interview speaking activity - Here, students interview each other in order to give out awards. The teacher does not control the information gap so students are free to ask about past experiences, habits, etc. This freer practice is far more motivating than many rigid information gaps because the students control the discourse.
Raiders of the Lost Ark info - I use this one when using my Raiders of the Lost Ark lesson plans which replace New Interchange 2 unit 11. This information gap practices passive and active voice (mostly past simple passive, 1 past simple active, 1 past perfect, 2 present simple questions).
Tigers - This activity is a warmer for the retelling of a Korean folk story (can be changed to any type of folk story), which practices the narrative tenses.
TESOL evaluation for speaking activities
Oral exam rubric - I used to use this rubric when giving oral tests to college freshmen. Grammar, vocabulary, fluency, listening & discourse, voice & pronunciation are covered.
ESL oral test guide - This helped students understand how they would be graded during oral exams.
Interesting Things for ESL Students A fun study site for learners of English as a Second Language
Visit ( www.ManyThings.org )
Interesting Things for ESL Students
A fun study site for learners of English as a Second Language
Word games, puzzles, quizzes, exercises, slang, proverbs and much more.
* Home (This Page)
* Easy Things for Beginners
* Vocabulary
* Grammar
* Grammar/Vocabulary Quizzes
* Sentence Patterns
* Proverbs
* Slang & Idioms
* Pronunciation
* Listening
* Hearing
* Podcasts / Songs / Jokes
* Reading
* Spelling
* Crossword Puzzles
* Tongue Twisters & Poems
* Voice of America (VOA) Materials
* Misc. / Other Things
* Daily Page
* About / Contact
* Links
Navigation Menus in Japanese
First Time Visitors
If this is your first time here, then try Easy Things for Beginners.
Regular Vistors
* Go to www.manythings.org/rss to subscribe to our RSS feed or see the newest things on our web site.
A Few Featured Sections
* Vocabulary
o Vocabulary Lists with Games and Puzzles
o Crossword Puzzles
o Matching Quizzes
o Games with Pictures 1 (lulu)
o Word Based Games
* Speaking
o Pronunciation
o Listen & Repeat
o Daily Listen & Repeat - Updated Every Day
* Grammar & Vocabulary
o Quizzes Based On VOA's Special English Programs
o Flash Quizzes
o Super Quiz Machine
* Listening & Reading
o Listen & Read Along - Flash Controls
o American Stories
o About Places
o Stories about People (Biographies)
o American History
o Words and Their Stories
o Studying in the USA
o More VOA Special English
o ESL Videos - Updated Every Day
* Singing
o Learn Songs
* Writing
o Spelling/Vocabulary Quizzes
* Other
o Daily Page - Updated Every Day
o Anagrams
o Slang
o Proverbs
* To find more, try these.
o Click through the menu on the left.
o See the Alphabetical List of Sections
o See our older main page.
* The "Many Things" Textbook
o For Students (MP3 Files and More)
o For Teachers (See Sample Pages)
Interesting Things for ESL Students
A fun study site for learners of English as a Second Language
Word games, puzzles, quizzes, exercises, slang, proverbs and much more.
* Home (This Page)
* Easy Things for Beginners
* Vocabulary
* Grammar
* Grammar/Vocabulary Quizzes
* Sentence Patterns
* Proverbs
* Slang & Idioms
* Pronunciation
* Listening
* Hearing
* Podcasts / Songs / Jokes
* Reading
* Spelling
* Crossword Puzzles
* Tongue Twisters & Poems
* Voice of America (VOA) Materials
* Misc. / Other Things
* Daily Page
* About / Contact
* Links
Navigation Menus in Japanese
First Time Visitors
If this is your first time here, then try Easy Things for Beginners.
Regular Vistors
* Go to www.manythings.org/rss to subscribe to our RSS feed or see the newest things on our web site.
A Few Featured Sections
* Vocabulary
o Vocabulary Lists with Games and Puzzles
o Crossword Puzzles
o Matching Quizzes
o Games with Pictures 1 (lulu)
o Word Based Games
* Speaking
o Pronunciation
o Listen & Repeat
o Daily Listen & Repeat - Updated Every Day
* Grammar & Vocabulary
o Quizzes Based On VOA's Special English Programs
o Flash Quizzes
o Super Quiz Machine
* Listening & Reading
o Listen & Read Along - Flash Controls
o American Stories
o About Places
o Stories about People (Biographies)
o American History
o Words and Their Stories
o Studying in the USA
o More VOA Special English
o ESL Videos - Updated Every Day
* Singing
o Learn Songs
* Writing
o Spelling/Vocabulary Quizzes
* Other
o Daily Page - Updated Every Day
o Anagrams
o Slang
o Proverbs
* To find more, try these.
o Click through the menu on the left.
o See the Alphabetical List of Sections
o See our older main page.
* The "Many Things" Textbook
o For Students (MP3 Files and More)
o For Teachers (See Sample Pages)
For ESl Teachers
For ESl Teachers visit this site ( http://a4esl.org/ )
About Our Website
Help by Writing a Quiz
Using Quizzes, Linking & Copyright
Search a4esl.org & iteslj.org
Read The Internet TESL Journal
About Our Website
Help by Writing a Quiz
Using Quizzes, Linking & Copyright
Search a4esl.org & iteslj.org
Read The Internet TESL Journal
Activities for ESL Students
a4esl.org
Quizzes, tests, exercises and puzzles to help you learn English as a Second Language (ESL)
This project of The Internet TESL Journal (iteslj.org) has thousands of contributions by many teachers.
English Only Two Languages
Grammar Quizzes
Grammar - Easy
Grammar - Medium
Grammar - Difficult
Grammar Quizzes about Places
Vocabulary Quizzes
Vocabulary - Easy
Vocabulary - Easy with Pictures
Vocabulary - Medium
Vocabulary - Difficult
Crossword Puzzles
Crossword Puzzles - Easy
Crossword Puzzles - Not So Easy
Special
Search our web site using a4esl.org/search.
See the What's New page.
Use the Daily Page for ESL Students as your startup "home" page to get one quiz a day from this collection.
iPhone & iPod Touch = a4esl.org/i
Podcasts & YouTube
VOA Special English (Listen and Read Along)
You can read the text while you listen.
The 30 Newest ESL Podcasts
Some of these are by people who help with this web site.
ESL Videos
This is a blog of YouTube videos for ESL students.
External Links
Kelly Brothers' Website
Interesting Things for ESL Students
Pronunciation, Quizzes, Games, Puzzles, etc.
(They help with a4esl.org.)
Other ESL/EFL Websites
Selected Links
For Teachers
About Our Website
Help by Writing a Quiz
Using Quizzes, Linking & Copyright
Search a4esl.org & iteslj.org
Read The Internet TESL Journal
A Note to Webmasters
A Possible Way to Link to Our Web Site
Activities for ESL Students
Thousands of quizzes, tests, exercises and puzzles to help you learn English as a Second Language
Bilingual Quizzes
Arabic-English
Bulgarian-English
Burmese (Myanmar)-English
Chinese-English
Creole-English
Croatian-English
Czech-English
Dutch-English
Finnish-English
French-English
German-English
Greek-English
Hausa-English
Hungarian-English
Indonesian-English
Italian-English
Japanese-English
Kirundi-English
Korean-English
Kurdish-English
Lingala-English
Lithuanian-English
Malay-English
Nowegian-English
Persian-English
Polish-English
Portuguese-English
Romanian-English
Russian-English
Sesotho-English
Slovak-English
Slovene-English
Somali-English
Spanish-English
Swahili-English
Swedish-English
Tagalog-English
Thai-English
Tshiluba-English
Turkish-English
Ukrainian-English
Urdu-English
Vietnamese-English
Quizzes, tests, exercises and puzzles to help you learn English as a Second Language (ESL)
This project of The Internet TESL Journal (iteslj.org) has thousands of contributions by many teachers.
English Only Two Languages
Grammar Quizzes
Grammar - Easy
Grammar - Medium
Grammar - Difficult
Grammar Quizzes about Places
Vocabulary Quizzes
Vocabulary - Easy
Vocabulary - Easy with Pictures
Vocabulary - Medium
Vocabulary - Difficult
Crossword Puzzles
Crossword Puzzles - Easy
Crossword Puzzles - Not So Easy
Special
Search our web site using a4esl.org/search.
See the What's New page.
Use the Daily Page for ESL Students as your startup "home" page to get one quiz a day from this collection.
iPhone & iPod Touch = a4esl.org/i
Podcasts & YouTube
VOA Special English (Listen and Read Along)
You can read the text while you listen.
The 30 Newest ESL Podcasts
Some of these are by people who help with this web site.
ESL Videos
This is a blog of YouTube videos for ESL students.
External Links
Kelly Brothers' Website
Interesting Things for ESL Students
Pronunciation, Quizzes, Games, Puzzles, etc.
(They help with a4esl.org.)
Other ESL/EFL Websites
Selected Links
For Teachers
About Our Website
Help by Writing a Quiz
Using Quizzes, Linking & Copyright
Search a4esl.org & iteslj.org
Read The Internet TESL Journal
A Note to Webmasters
A Possible Way to Link to Our Web Site
Activities for ESL Students
Thousands of quizzes, tests, exercises and puzzles to help you learn English as a Second Language
Bilingual Quizzes
Arabic-English
Bulgarian-English
Burmese (Myanmar)-English
Chinese-English
Creole-English
Croatian-English
Czech-English
Dutch-English
Finnish-English
French-English
German-English
Greek-English
Hausa-English
Hungarian-English
Indonesian-English
Italian-English
Japanese-English
Kirundi-English
Korean-English
Kurdish-English
Lingala-English
Lithuanian-English
Malay-English
Nowegian-English
Persian-English
Polish-English
Portuguese-English
Romanian-English
Russian-English
Sesotho-English
Slovak-English
Slovene-English
Somali-English
Spanish-English
Swahili-English
Swedish-English
Tagalog-English
Thai-English
Tshiluba-English
Turkish-English
Ukrainian-English
Urdu-English
Vietnamese-English
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